THE HAGUE, Netherlands: The world’s top court will next week start unprecedented hearings aimed at finding a “legal blueprint” for how countries should protect the environment from damaging greenhouse gases — and what the consequences are if they do not.
From Monday, lawyers and representatives from more than 100 countries and organisations will make submissions before the International Court of Justice in The Hague — the highest number ever.
Activists hope the legal opinion from the ICJ judges will have far-reaching consequences in the fight against climate change.
But others fear the UN-backed request for a non-binding advisory opinion will have limited impact — and it could take the UN’s top court months, or even years, to deliver.
The hearings at the Peace Palace come days after a bitterly negotiated climate deal at the COP29 summit in Azerbaijan, which said developed countries must provide at least $300 billion a year by 2035 for climate finance.
Poorer countries have slammed the pledge from wealthy polluters as insultingly low and the final deal failed to mention a global pledge to move away from planet-heating fossil fuels.
COP29 and Pakistan
Speaking the 29th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29) in Baku, Pakistan’s Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif had asked the global community to fulfil its climate finance commitments made at the previous two climate summits — COP27 and COP28.
He stressed that these pledges must materialise to support vulnerable countries like Pakistan, which is ranked among the top 10 most climate-vulnerable nations.
PM Shehbaz highlighted the devastation caused by the 2022 floods in the South Asian country. He pointed out that while Pakistan contributes less than 0.5 percent of global emissions, it continues to bear the brunt of climate change’s impacts.
Pakistan has faced increasingly frequent and extreme weather events, including unprecedented floods, intense monsoon rains, devastating heatwaves, and glacial lake outburst floods.
PM Shehbaz emphasized the urgent need for action, noting that COP29 must send a clear message: “We must fulfill the financial pledges made at COP27 and COP28.”
He stressed that these financial commitments are critical for addressing the climate crisis and mitigating its devastating effects.
At COP27 in 2022, countries agreed to establish a “loss and damage fund” to assist developing nations devastated by climate-related disasters. However, despite the establishment of the fund, only around $700 million has been pledged so far, with major contributions from countries such as France, Germany, Italy, and the UAE.
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At COP28, Pakistan had called for the immediate release of $100 billion in climate finance.
No Distant Threat
The UN General Assembly last year adopted a resolution in which it referred two key questions to the ICJ judges.
First, what obligations did states have under international law to protect the Earth’s climate system from greenhouse gas emissions?
Second, what are the legal consequences under these obligations, where states, “by their acts and omissions, have caused significant harm to the climate system and other parts of the environment?”
The second question was also linked to the legal responsibilities of states for harm caused to small, more vulnerable countries and their populations.
This applied especially to countries under threat from rising sea levels and harsher weather patterns in places like the Pacific Ocean.
“Climate change for us is not a distant threat,” said Vishal Prasad, director of the Pacific Islands Students Fighting Climate Change (PISFCC) group.
“It is reshaping our lives right now. Our islands are at risk. Our communities face disruptive change at a rate and scale that generations before us have not known,” Prasad told journalists a few days before the start of the hearings.
Launching a campaign in 2019 to bring the climate issue to the ICJ, Prasad’s group of 27 students spearheaded consensus among Pacific island nations including his own native Fiji, before it was taken to the UN.
Last year, the General Assembly unanimously adopted the resolution to ask the ICJ for an advisory opinion.
Legal Blueprint
Joie Chowdhury, a senior lawyer at the US and Swiss-based Center for International Environmental Law, said climate advocates did not expect the ICJ’s opinion “to provide very specific answers”.
Instead, she predicted the court would provide “a legal blueprint in a way, on which more specific questions can be decided,” she said.
The judges’ opinion, which she expected sometime next year, “will inform climate litigation on domestic, national and international levels.”
“One of the questions that is really important, as all of the legal questions hinge on it, is what is the conduct that is unlawful,” said Chowdhury.
“That is very central to these proceedings,” she said.
China, US, India are world’s largest carbon polluters
Some of the world’s largest carbon polluters — including the world’s top three greenhouse gas emitters, China, the United States and India — will be among some 98 countries and 12 organisations and groups expected to make submissions.
On Monday, proceedings will open with a statement from Vanuatu and the Melanesian Spearhead Group which also represents the vulnerable island states of Fiji, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands as well as Indonesia and East Timor.
At the end of the two-week hearings, organisations including the EU and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries are to give their statements.
“With this advisory opinion, we are not only here to talk about what we fear losing,” the PISFCC’s Prasad said.
“We’re here to talk about what we can protect and what we can build if we stand together,” he said.
